The New Europe
Citizenship, Immigration, and
Migration in the New Europe
Citizenship
Two different models
jus sanguinis (Law of Blood)
GermanyÕs 2006 World Cup Team
GermanyÕs original model;
evolved in 1990s to include a process of naturalization for those
born in Germany to non-German parents;
jus soli (Law of Soil)
FranceÕs 2006 World Cup Team
FranceÕs model; Also used in the US
Ethno-nationalism
vs. Civic Nationalism
At EU level,
which is more apparent?
Consider both as
a basis for EU Citizenship
For now, people
become citizens of the EU by becoming citizens of a member state
May it be
possible in the future to do otherwise? To apply directly to EU for
citizenship?
On what basis?
Might it also be
possible to Ògive upÓ oneÕs, e.g., German citizenship but retain oneÕs EU
citizenship?
Immigrants vs.
Migrants: WhatÕs the
difference?
Immigrant:
a person who
comes to a country to take up permanent residence (Merriam-WebsterÕs On-Line)
Migrant:
a person who moves
regularly in order to find work especially in harvesting crops (Merriam-WebsterÕs On-Line! Ethno-centric; Ameri-centric)
Economic Migrant:
can be used
either in a narrow sense, which includes only movement for the purpose of
employment, or in a broader sense that includes persons entering a State to
perform other types of economic activities such as investors or business
travelers (IOM, Labour
Migration)
European Responses to
Migrants Compared
(scroll down in
article to map of EU countries with best/worst records)
EU Policies on
Immigration/Migration
Schengen Agreement
1985
Incorporated into
the treaties by the Treaty of Amsterdam
Includes both EU
and non-EU countries (Iceland, Norway)
But not EU
members UK and Ireland
Goals:
To coordinate
Border Controls, Visa, Asylum and Residency Requirements
To create a
"ring fence" around participant countries
allowing free
flow of labor within the fence
Stories
on Efforts to Curb Immigration, Tensions with Diversity in Specific Countries
Other sites with
useful information on Europe/Immigration/Migration
Weak Links in the
"Ring Fence"
Biggest
enforcement problems
The Southern
Periphery
African Boat People
Spanish
enclaves/islands
Ceuta and Melilla
The Canary Islands
Ibiza
E-W Migration
Poles in UK
Violence/Recognition of
Albania-Italy
Trafficking, Sex trafficking
Turkey
Push/Pull Factors
in European Migration/Immigration
Pushes:
structural
changes - declining regions, disintegration of CE economies, Yugoslavian,
Albanian crises, Famines/wars in developing regions
Pulls:
Post-war labor
shortages, Wealth/growth in core areas, Organized guest worker programs,
Post-colonial relationships
Glossary of Terms:
Refugees:
Any person who, owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted
for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social
group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is
unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection
of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside of the
country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable
or, owing to such fear, unwilling to return to it. (Source:UN Convention
Related to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol)
Asylum:
Protection granted by a state to refugees.
(Source: Webster's Dictionary.
Asylum-seekers:
Persons who file an application for asylum in a country other than
their own. They remain in the status of asylum-seeker until their application
is considered and adjudicated. See also foreigners seeking asylum.
