Racial
and Ethnic Politics in the
Solutions to America’s “race
problem”
Two strands:
Integrationism
I have a
dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former
slaves and the sons of former slaveowners will
be able to sit
down together at the table of brotherhood.
Martin Luther King
Separatism
In all things
social and political as separate as the five fingers, in things of
mutual
progress one as the hand.
Booker T. Washington
I. Integrationism
Life in north, commercial cities
Reconstruction
Freedmen's Bureau: schools,
courts, work contracts, sold land taken from southerners to freed
slaves
(sharecropping!!)
Used the
bureau to punish south for war end of war to 1878
WEB DuBois
Niagara Movement 1905
NAACP 1910
Martin Luther King
Civil Rights Movement
II. Separatism
Pan-African
Movements
as early
as 1714
1816
American
Colonization Society
Edward Blyden (1832-1912)
“African diaspora”
1850s colonization of Liberia
Islam as more authentic
religion of Africans
And unifying force
Marcus Garvey (b. 1887
(Jamaica)-1940)
Father of Black Nationalism
Negro State, mass organizing,
mobilizing
Universal Negro Improvement
Association
Deported from US in 1927
Chief Sam Movement - 1897-1914
in present day Ghana
Reasons for
colonization/repatriation given by Black leaders of movement:
1. Blyden said "faith
against reason" to expect Blacks to be fully equal in the U.S.
2. Christian call - their mission
as members of African Diaspora to bring Christianity to Africa
3. Responsibility to bring
"civilization" to Africa
4. Africa as land promised
land; resource rich
5. Africa as source of
spiritual, psychological renewal
6. Economic recessions –
interest in repatriation
generally rose as econ. conditions worsened
Black Capitalism
Booker
T. Washington (1856-1915)
must build from bottom -
don't need real university educations - first businesses and trades;
Tuskegee Institute, 1881
The “Atlanta Compromise”
1895
Back off demands for civil,
political rights in exchange for aid in economic development
1900 founded National Negro Business League
Nation
of Islam