West European Politics
Immigration and Diversity in Europe Today

Vocabulary
Citizenship
Two different models

jus sanguinis

Germany’s original model

Germany’s 2006 World Cup Team
jus soli

France’s original model

Also used in the US

France’s 2006 World Cup Team

Immigration vs. Migration

What’s the difference?

Refugees: Any person who, owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside of the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or, owing to such fear, unwilling to return to it. (Source:UN Convention Related to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol)

Asylum: Protection granted by a state to refugees. (Source: Webster's Dictionary)

Asylum-seekers: Persons who file an application for asylum in a country other than their own. They remain in the status of asylum-seeker until their application is considered and adjudicated. See also foreigners seeking asylum.

Other helpful definitions can be found at in the Migration Information Source’s Glossary
EU-15 Population Change and Asylum Applications

Other sites with useful information on Europe/Immigration/Migration

OECD
IOM

EU Policies on Immigration/Migration
Schengen Agreement 1985
Incorporated into the treaties by the Treaty of Amsterdam

Includes both EU and non-EU countries (Iceland, Norway)

But not EU members UK and Ireland

Goals:

To coordinate Border Controls, Visa, Asylum and Residency Requirements

To create a "ring fence" around participant countries
allowing free flow of labor within the fence

Weak Links in the "Ring Fence"
Biggest enforcement problems
southern coast of Spain and Ceuta
Italy-Albania-Yugoslavia

Push/Pull Factors in European Migration/Immigration
Pushes:
structural changes - declining regions, disintegration of CE economies, Yugoslavian, Albanian crises, Famines/wars in developing regions

Pulls:
Post-war labor shortages, Wealth/growth in core areas, Organized guest worker programs, Post-colonial relationships

Political Responses to Increased Diversity
growth of right wing movements and parties
pressures for more restrictive immigration and naturalization policies
pressures on welfare state/European Social Model
used to argue for retrenchment

The Politics of Migration and Immigration in Europe
Andrew Geddes

Chapter 1: Analysing the Politics of Migration and Immigration in Europe

Approach:
look at immigration as both a cause and an effect of European political systems, political cultures, welfare states, EU integration, "globalization"
Immigration     -->    Changes in European polities, economies

                      AND

Nature of and Changes in European polities, economies --> Immigration

Structure of Book
Divides Migration/Immigration Policies into 3 separate kinds of issues

A.  Immigration Policies
    the big picture
    what kinds of immigration/migration do European countries solicit?

    what kinds do they see as undesireable?

B.  Immigrant Policies

   the social and political response to the immigrants and their         descendants

    social rights
    political rights
    language /educational policies
    cultural autonomy/multi-cultural policies
    policies aimed at assimilation

C.  European integration
       how  European integration is shaping  Europe's response to
       immigration

i.e., the institutionalization of Europe
the development of common institutions and policies

AND

how integration is affecting the members states
i.e., the Europeanization of institutions
the impact on member states of EU integration

Is European integration itself a stimulus to immigration?