Sources of Immigrants in the EU by Region

Other EU country 36%
CE Europe   6%
Rest of Europe  22%
Africa  19%
Asia  11%

Schengen Agreement 1985
 incorporated into the treaties
 by the Treaty of Amsterdam
13 countries participating
(not UK or Ireland)

Coordinate Border Controls, Visa, Asylum and Residency Requirements

Issues to be decided by unanimity til 2003

Weak Links in the "Ring Fence"
Biggest enforcement problems
southern coast of Spain and Ceuta
Italy-Albania-Yugoslavia
 

Push/Pull Factors in European Migration/Immigration
Pushes:
structural changes - declining regions, disintegration of CE economies, Yugoslavian, Albanian crises, Famines/wars in developing regions

Pulls:
Post-war labor shortages, Wealth/growth in core areas, Organized guest worker programs, Post-colonial relationships
 
 

Reinventing European Citizenship
a new more universal concept of citizenship is unfolding
related to globalization
 

Soysal: trans-national membership
based on concept of universal personhood [human rights]
rather than national belonging
 

Soysal uses treatment of guestworkers to illustrate this shift
Post-War Trends:
labor shortages in W. Europe
economic boom
Guestworker programs
human rights movement
 

Post Cold War Trends:
globalization
need for labor mobility
permanence of Guestworkers
 

e.g. UK, Fr, Ger, Swed, Neth, Belg, Austr, Den, Switz
Average guestworker stay = 15 years
 

In most cases, guestworkers have failed to integrate into host societies
e.g. ghettos in France (banlieus), Sweden (Rinkeby), Netherlands (SE Amsterdam)

why failed integration?
most attribute to cultural gaps between migrants and hosts

Soysal - different approach
incorporation as a macro-level process shaped by national institutions and global discourse of human rights

15 million migrants in Europe
5 million from EU countries

Foreigners as % of 1990 population
Switz 16% (now at 18%!!)
Belg, Ger, Fr, Swed 6-10%
Aust, Neth, UK, Den 3-5%
 

Rates of Naturalization
highest in Neth, Fr, Switz, Swed, Ger
Citizenship
What is Citizenship?
Outgrowth of state-building of 18th and 19th centuries
 

New concept trans-national membership necessary - why?
 

Now included in welfare schemes, educational systems, trade unions;
and enjoy many of the rights and privileges of citizenship.
 

Why?
 

Major sources of immigration
UK-India, Pakistan, Bangladesh
France - Algeria, Morocco, Portugal, West Africa
Germany - Turkey (Kurds), Yugoslavia, Greece, Italy
Italy - West and North Africa, Albania
Sweden - Turkey (Kurds), Poland, Bangladesh, Somalia, Iran, Chile
Netherlands - Turkey, Surinam, Indonesia, South Molucca
 

Soysal's Models of Incorporation

Horizontal axis: centralized or decentralized process
Vertical axis: locus of action state or society
 

	Centralized	Decentralized
Society	Corporatist (Sweden, Netherlands)	Liberal (Switzerland, UK)
State	Statist (France)	Fragmented (Gulf States)

Corporatist Regimes:
stress collective group identity
groups as "natural"
migrant organizations as natural channels of incorporation
to facilitate participation in society
state as a centralizing force
emphasizes the public interest
and welfare of the group
 

Sweden-any ethnic group with 1000 members is entitled to organization and consultation w/government
Netherlands-designates groups: Moluccans, Surinamese, Antilleans, migrant workers and families, Gypsies, refugees (not Chinese, Pakistanis)
 

Rights/Benefits
Sweden: right to express and develop cultural heritage
mother-tongue instruction for children
SBC req'd to produce programming
newspapers, periodicals subsidized
right to participation/consultation
state funded organizations
can vote in local and reg'l elections after 3-year residency
 

Netherlands: emancipation as goal
right to own schools, radio, tv w/public funding
right to consultation
state funded organizations
can vote in local elections after 5-year residency
 

Statist Regimes:
centralized approach
uniformly equal individuals vis-a-vis the state - with state as active agent in market and educational processes
no intermediary structures between citizen and state
 

France:
since 1958 Social Fund for Immigrant Workers and their Families (not by group)
since 1976 some education in mother-tongue after EC directive
growing number of associations
some support for ethnic festivals
state attempting to balance republican citizenship and multi-culturalism
 

Liberal Regimes:
Migrants as individuals
Incorporated thru labor market
Integrated at community level
 

UK: "racial equality" "equality of opportunity" "good race relations" as goals to be accomplished
at individual level
e.g. legal statutes against discrimination
youth training, language training, community centers, Urban Aid
 

Switzerland: "integration" goal
sets yearly quotas (by canton) upon consultation with bus. and trade assc.
no state support for organizations
funding for vocat/lang educ?work!
vote locally in Neuchatel and Jura
Germany: A Mixed Case of Corporatism, Statism, Liberalism
No recognition of specific groups in policies, goals
 

But social service provision centralized through trade unions and agencies and migrants assigned to them according to their religious/national orientation

Vocational training/participation as gateway to society

Some mother-tongue instruction and some support for migrant assc.

No voting